Japanese government's expert panel on agrivoltaics launched

In Japan, the design and construction guidelines for solar sharing/agrivoltaics were released last year. 

As the total number of agrivoltaics installations in Japan is estimated to have exceeded 4,000, the creation of a system to ensure the stability and sustainability of the facilities has begun.

As part of the new initiative, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) launched an expert panel in February 2022. The first item on the agenda here is to sort out the challenges of agrivoltaics in Japan. I also serve on the committee as an expert.

MAFF Japan Exeprt panel on agrivoltaics (Japanese)

There are three main issues to discuss: the first is the equipment and structure of the power plant, the second is the cultivation of crops, and the third is the business scheme.

In terms of the facilities and structure of the power plant, the main issues to be discussed are whether there is enough space for agricultural machinery to work safely, whether the plant can accommodate future smart agriculture, and whether the plant can withstand natural disasters such as typhoons and earthquakes.

In terms of crop cultivation, the agenda includes agricultural technology that takes into account the shading environment of solar panels, concerns about shifting to more easily cultivated crops, abandoning agricultural production in favor of power generation projects, and harmony with the rural landscape.

Regarding the business scheme, there are issues to be addressed such as unclear business responsibilities in cases where the owner of the power generation equipment and the farmer are different, a mechanism to encourage farmers to also engage in the power generation business, and the lack of financing and insurance products by financial institutions.

The expert panel is expected to sort out these issues by March 2022, and discussions to resolve more detailed issues will begin in the next fiscal year.

Japan's Youth Enter Agriculture with Agrivoltaics

The decrease in the number of agricultural workers is an important social issue for Japan. In such an environment, the entry of young people into agriculture through agrivoltaics is spreading.

University students experiencing farm work with agrivoltaics.

In Japan, the agricultural population has declined by 70% over the past 20 years, while the number of young people entering the agricultural business has remained at a very low level.

On the other hand, more and more young people are interested in building a sustainable society due to the growing interest in climate change issues. Such young people have started to address energy and agricultural issues through agrivoltaics.

In the future, it is necessary to use renewable energy sources to reduce the environmental impact of agricultural production. By learning about agrivoltaics, which combines renewable energy and agriculture on farmland, the next generation will gain a new sense of value.

"Solar Panel Tax", Japanese local governments to tax solar panels

The year 2021 marked a major turning point in the history of Japan's energy policy. In December, Mimasaka City, Okayama Prefecture passed its own taxation ordinance on solar panels in its assembly.

This initiative, which was in direct opposition to the global trend of climate change countermeasures and the spread of renewable energy, had a huge impact on Japanese society.

With the rapid spread of solar power generation under FIT in Japan, the development of solar power generation has increasingly become a problem for local residents. However, this taxation ordinance is not intended to solve that problem.

The mayor decided to take advantage of the local community's opposition to the solar power project and slap a new tax on it to finance a policy with a completely different purpose.

The new taxation ordinance will increase tax revenue by 100 million yen per year in Mimasaka City. While this will benefit the current generation, it will stall investment in renewable energy. Therefore, the future generations will have to pay the price.

By March of this year, the Japanese government will have to approve or reject this decision by Mimasaka City. If the government approves, there will be more local governments that will impose similar taxes.

New Japanese Energy Policy Plan Released

On October 22, the new basic plan for Japan's energy policy was released. 

As a measure to combat climate change, the government plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than 46% in 2030 compared to 2013, and to achieve this, it will increase the ratio of renewable energy sources to 36-38%.

This target is ambitious, considering Japan's renewable energy policies to date. Japan, which suffered a major nuclear power plant accident in the Great East Japan Earthquake, has long stopped thinking about climate change measures.

With this policy change, the decision was made to at least double the amount of renewable energy sources than as of 2019. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), which has been trying to shrink the renewable energy market despite the FIT system, must review its actions and take steps to create a new market.

Japan's main renewable energy source is solar power, but compared to 2014, when the market was at its largest, the market has shrunk to 1/3 the size it was in 2020. As a result of METI's retrofitting and complication of the FIT system, many players have disappeared from the market.

The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) is aiming to introduce the FIP starting in FY2022, but they themselves admit that this will not significantly contribute to the introduction of renewable energy. Even if we add the current FIT and the new FIP, METI estimates that solar power generation in Japan will only increase by about 15 GW by 2030. However, unless we increase that to at least 60 GW, we will not be able to achieve even the minimum goal of the new energy policy.

Now that the new goals have been set, we need to decide on the specific policies to realize them, and the direction will become clearer with the results of the House of Representatives election scheduled for the end of this month.

Latest statistics on agrivoltaics installations in Japan

The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has released the latest statistics on agrivoltaics/solar sharing in Japan, as of the end of March 2020.

The total number of installations in Japan was 2,653, an increase of 661 over the past year. Since the area is 181.6 ha, it is estimated that about 200 MW of agrivoltaics has been installed. The total amount of power generation equipment is about 800MW.

The number of cases introduced in one year reached a record high, but the rate of increase by prefecture varied greatly.

The following table shows the number of solar sharing installations by prefecture according to the MAFF Japan.

In terms of geographical distribution, there is a clear difference between east and west, with the eastern part of Japan, especially the Kanto region, being the most popular. On the other hand, in the Hokuriku region, Kansai region, and Kyushu region, the introduction is not so advanced.

This is presumably due to differences in values about agriculture, the influence of local governments' agricultural policies, sunshine hours, and other factors.

In addition, the Kyushu region, where the introduction of solar power generation was flourishing when the FIT was first introduced, is also thought to have been adversely affected by the curtailment of solar power output by Kyushu Electric Power.

In some areas, such as Miyagi and Tochigi prefectures, we have seen a rapid increase in the number of installations, but this is likely due to the fact that certain businesses are focusing on solar sharing for development.

In the future, we will further investigate the trends in each region to clarify the actual situation.

Standard Design for Agrivoltaics in Japan

Fujidana style and array designs are the most common types of solar sharing in Japan. In the case of the Fujidata style, which can equalize the amount of solar radiation to crops, a shading ratio of about 40% can be considered as a standard design.

Fujidata style in Japan

The number of solar panels that can be installed with a shading ratio of 40% is about 1,800 per hectare of farmland.

As of 2021, solar panels with an output of around 450W are the mainstream, so 810kWp is the output of solar power generation.

Depending on the region where it is installed, it can be expected to generate 900,000 to 1,000,000 kWh of electricity per year.

Since the current unit price for electricity sales under Japan's FIT is 11 yen/kWh, we estimate that the annual income from electricity sales will be between 10 million yen and 11 million yen.

On the other hand, the annual sales of crops in a paddy field of the same size will be about 1 million yen, while in a field it will be 3 to 5 million yen.

Working with tractors

The distance between the pillars should be about 4 to 5 meters, and the overall height of the facility is designed to be about 4 meters. By doing so, we aim to secure the working space for agricultural machinery and solar radiation from scattered light.

Leafy Vegetables and Agrivoltaics

One of the characteristic agricultural products grown under agrivoltaics is leafy vegetables such as cabbage and lettuce. 

Since they are easily affected by strong sunlight, shading with solar panels will help the growth of leafy vegetables.

Growing Cabbage and Lettuce

In the lowlands of Japan, summers are too hot for growing leafy vegetables. However, solar sharing makes it possible to grow leafy vegetables by blocking the strong summer sunlight.

Another known benefit of the presence of solar panels is that they help to control frost in winter. Therefore, in areas where leafy vegetables could not be grown in the winter, it has become possible to grow cabbage and other crops through solar sharing.

Of course, it's not just good for leafy greens. Shading by solar panels delays the drying of the ground after rain. This can lead to disease outbreaks due to moisture damage.

Nevertheless, the advantage of being able to grow vegetables that could not be grown within the region before will bring about a very significant change.